- Regulated Power Supply Definition: A regulated power supply ensures a consistent DC output by converting fluctuating AC input.
- Component Overview: The primary components of a regulated power supply include a transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator, each crucial for maintaining steady DC output.
- Rectification Explained: The process involves diodes converting AC to DC, typically using full wave rectification to enhance efficiency.
- Filter Function: Filters, such as capacitor and LC types, smooth the DC output to reduce ripple and provide a stable voltage.
- Regulation Mechanism: Regulators adjust and stabilize output voltage to protect against input changes or load variations, essential for reliable power supply.
What is a Regulated Power Supply?
A regulated power supply transforms unregulated AC (Alternating Current) into a stable DC (Direct Current). It guarantees consistent output despite variations in input.
A regulated DC power supply is also known as a linear power supply, it is an embedded circuit and consists of various blocks.
The regulated power supply will accept an AC input and give a constant DC output. The figure below shows the block diagram of a typical regulated DC power supply.
The basic building blocks of a regulated DC power supply are as follows:
- A step-down transformer
- A rectifier
- A DC filter
- A regulator
(Note that our digital electronics MCQs have many electrical questions related to these topics)
Operation of Regulated Power Supply
Step Down Transformer
A step down transformer will step down the voltage from the ac mains to the required voltage level. The turn’s ratio of the transformer is so adjusted such as to obtain the required voltage value. The output of the transformer is given as an input to the rectifier circuit.
Rectification
Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which carries out the rectification process. Rectification is the process of converting an alternating voltage or current into corresponding direct (DC) quantity. The input to a rectifier is AC whereas its output is unidirectional pulsating DC.
While a half wave rectifier is an option, its high power losses make a full wave rectifier or bridge rectifier a better choice for rectifying AC’s full cycle. The figure below shows a full wave bridge rectifier.
A bridge rectifier consists of four p-n junction diodes connected in the manner shown above. In the positive half cycle of the supply, the voltage induced across the secondary of the electrical transformer i.e. VMN is positive. Therefore point E is positive with respect to F. Hence, diodes D3 and D2 are reversed biased and diodes D1 and D4 are forward biased. The diode D3 and D2 will act as open switches (practically there is some voltage drop) and diodes D1 andD4 will act as closed switches and will start conducting. Hence a rectified waveform appears at the output of the rectifier as shown in the first figure. When voltage induced in secondary i.e. VMN is negative than D3 and D2 are forward biased with the other two reversed biased and a positive voltage appears at the input of the filter.
DC Filtration
The rectifier outputs a pulsating DC with high ripple content; however, to achieve a smooth DC waveform, a filter is employed. Different types of filters are used such as capacitor filter, LC filter, Choke input filter, π type filter. The figure below shows a capacitor filter connected along the output of the rectifier and the resultant output waveform.
As the instantaneous voltage starts increasing the capacitor charges, it charges until the waveform reaches its peak value. When the instantaneous value starts reducing the capacitor starts discharging exponentially and slowly through the load (input of the regulator in this case). Hence, an almost constant DC value having very less ripple content is obtained.
Regulation
This is the last block in a regulated DC power supply. The output voltage or current will change or fluctuate when there is a change in the input from ac mains or due to change in load current at the output of the regulated power supply or due to other factors like temperature changes. This problem can be eliminated by using a regulator. A regulator will maintain the output constant even when changes at the input or any other changes occur. Transistor series regulator, Fixed and variable IC regulators or a zener diode operated in the zener region can be used depending on their applications. IC’s like 78XX and 79XX (such as the IC 7805) are used to obtained fixed values of voltages at the output.
Integrated circuits such as the LM 317 and 723 enable us to fine-tune the output voltage to a precise constant value. The figure below shows the LM317 voltage regulator. The output voltage can be adjusted by adjusting the values of resistances R1 and R2. Usually, coupling capacitors of values about 0.01µF to 10µF need to be connected at the output and input to address input noise and output transients. Ideally, the output voltage is given by
The figure above shows the complete circuit of a regulated +5V DC power supply.
